Antidumping Essays - International Trade, Trade Policy, Dumping

Antidumping While antidumping doesn't get a lot of press, it is certainly one of the biggest issues that the WTO is dealing with today. During the recent WTO Ministerial Conference in Seattle, much was mage about protesters who were demanding higher environmental standards or international labor standards. Little was mentioned about antidumping. However, In the midst of the many demonstrators there were steel workers and members of other union organizations like the AFL-CIO who were there to defend US antidumping laws. Antidumping regulation was a major issue for Seattle as it is for the organization of the WTO in general. From the inception of the WTO, there has been controversy over antidumping laws from diverse groups. Some countries feel that other countries place antidumping measures on products that have not really been dumped. Since the 1994 Uruguay Round, many developing nations feel that they have been unfairly targeted for antidumping penalties by the industrialized nations. Countries such as Japan and South Korea have also called for reforms. The US, being the largest economy in the world tends to be on the receiving end of much of this controversy about its national antidumping laws. Adding to the confusion, not many cases brought to the WTO panels have been settled as of yet. There are many complaints about antidumping procedures, and some economic graphs can be used to demonstrate these complaints about antidumping and the WTO's antidumping laws. In 1995, the World Trade Organization was born out of the Uruguay Round of trade talks. The WTO has upwards of 123 member countries and new members are always in the process of joining. The WTO is an organization that basically a more formal extension of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) which had existed for around 50 years. However, the WTO agreements also cover trade issues not in the GATT agreement, such as trade in services and intellectual property rights. Also, WTO member countries must agree to all the obligations of its agreements. The WTO also features binding panel resolutions. Countries must accept the panel rulings; under GATT that was not necessarily true. Still, WTO embodies the same spirit as GATT. It favors trade liberalization and globalization over trade barriers. In particular, one main objective of the WTO is to reduce trade restrictions, and one of the first agreements it reached was a general reduction in tariffs. (Schott, 1). For all of the WTO's promise to tear down of trade barriers, there is some concern that antidumping procedures are a covert way of hanging on to some of these practices. Since the WTO has come into existence, antidumping cases have flourished. Between January 1994 and July 1995 there were 238 new provisional or actual antidumping measures were enforced by 19 WTO members (Schott, 221). Most came from countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada and the countries of the European Union. Under the WTO Antidumping Agreement, dumping is generally defined as selling a product in an export market at a lower price than the product is sold in the exporter's home country. It is also associated with selling the product at less than the marginal cost of production. This action is often called predatory pricing. The dumping company keeps its price so low that it drives its competition out of business so it gains monopoly power after a time. A company is able to do this in the long run because after a time it only has to cover its average variable cost, once it covers its overhead expenses. Antidumping is the practice where governments place tariffs or quotas or duties on imported goods that they believe are being dumping in their in order to prevent their domestic industries from collapsing due to the importer's unfair pricing. Examples of goods that often affected by antidumping measures are steel, computer screens and supercomputers, and agriculture. If in fact a domestic industry is indeed having competing products being dumped in its country, it is possible that it could be injured. The lower price imports could decrease the amount of domestic products purchased, and domestic companies may not be able to lower their prices in order to compete with these imports. Thus, antidumping procedures may be prudent in these cases. Antidumping can be a necessary measure for countries to enforce in certain cases. However, this paper focuses with the problems of antidumping. One particular issue is whether or not countries are using the valid methods (by the WTO's standards) to determine the presence of antidumping. Since this is such a controversial issue, this paper

Cheating with Technology

Cheating with Technology Educators are showing serious concern about cheating in high schools and for good reason. Cheating has become commonplace in high schools, largely because students are using technology to gather and share information in rather innovation ways. Since students are a little more tech-savvy than many adults, grownups are always playing catch-up when it comes to finding out what students are up to. But this technology-centered cat-and-mouse activity can be fatal to your educational future. Students start to blur the ethical boundaries and think it’s OK to do many things, simply because they’ve gotten away with them in the past. There’s a big catch to blurring the line when it comes to cheating. While parents and high school teachers might be less savvy than their students about using cell phones and calculators to share work, and too overworked to catch cheaters, college professors are a little different. They have graduate assistants, college honor courts, and cheat-detecting software that they can tap into. The bottom line is that students can develop habits in high school that will get them expelled when they use them in college, and sometimes students won’t even realize their â€Å"habits† are illegal. Unintentional Cheating Since students use tools and techniques that have not been used before, they might not always know what really constitutes cheating. For your information, the following activities constitute cheating. Some of these can even get you kicked out of college. Buying a paper from an Internet siteSharing homework answers via IMs, email, text messaging, or any other deviceUsing a whiteboard to share answersHaving another student write a paper for youCutting and pasting text from the Internet without citing itUsing sample essays from the InternetUsing text messaging to tell somebody else an answerProgramming notes into your calculatorTaking and/or sending a cell phone picture of test material or notesVideo recording lectures with cell phones and replaying during testSurfing web for answers during a testUsing a pager to receive information during a testViewing notes on your PDA, electronic calendar, cell phone, or other devices during a testStoring definitions in a graphing calculator or cell phoneBreaking into the teacher’s computer filesUsing a watch to hold notesUsing a laser pen to â€Å"write† and send answers If you’ve been transmitting answers to homework or test questions, there’s a pretty good chance you’ve been cheating- even though it might have been unintentional. Unfortunately, there’s an old saying that states â€Å"ignorance of the law is no excuse,† and when it comes to cheating, that old saying holds up. If you cheat, even by accident, you’re risking your academic career.

Cultural Diversity in Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Diversity in Nursing - Research Paper Example This report approves that for several years, cultural diversity among patients has been recognized by nurses taking care of them. These have also led the nursing practices to determine ways to respond to the varying needs of the patients. This includes the nurses having proper knowledge of the different demands that people from different cultures have and expect from the nurses. In order to treat them well, the nurses need to respect such differences. The proper knowledge of the different cultures and values and the effects of different behaviors is an essential factor in nursing practices. Also, cross cultural practices that include the complex knowledge and solutions that are used worldwide are necessary to be known and applied by nurses to treat diverse people. Thus the basic differences in physical, psychological and cultural factors are considered. This improves the communication skills of the nurses as well. The assistance of the healthcare departments is also necessary whereby proper infrastructure may be built up allowing the nurses to deliver the appropriate treatments. When nurses are culturally competent, they realize the harmful effects of ignorance or hatred if they treat their patients in biased manner depending on their cultures. This essay makes a conclusion that from the above study it could be concluded that it is essential for nursing practices in different health departments to consider effective measures such that culturally diverse patients may be treated with appropriate care. Such treatment and care needs to be unbiased with nurses having proper knowledge of the differences in cultures and values among different people.